Issue 35, 2023

AlCl3@ZnO nanostructured material: an efficient green catalyst for the one-pot solvent-free synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines

Abstract

AlCl3-loaded ZnO nanoparticles have been explored as an efficient catalyst for 1,4-dihydropyridine synthesis under ambient temperature and solvent-free conditions. For this purpose, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple solution-based precipitation technique using a stoichiometric amount of zinc sulfate and oxalic acid. The AlCl3@ZnO nanocrystalline catalyst was prepared by loading 20% AlCl3 on ZnO nanoparticles by a simple wet-impregnation technique. This catalyst efficiently performed Hantzsch pyridine reactions with various aromatic aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonium acetate. The nanostructured AlCl3-loaded ZnO catalyst was characterized by UV-DRS, XRD, FESEM, EDS, FETEM-STEM-EDS and XPS techniques. The comprehensive characterization reveals the formation of AlCl3-loaded ZnO catalysts with an average particle size of 70–80 nm. The loading of AlCl3 on the ZnO surface was confirmed by minor shifts in the XPS and XRD peaks. FETEM-STEM-EDS also indicates reasonable AlCl3 loading on ZnO nanoparticles. The 20% AlCl3-loaded ZnO nanocatalyst (AlCl3@ZnO) confers 92% yield for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridine under solvent-free and ambient temperature conditions. The synthesized 1,4-dihydropyridines were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HRMS and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. The reported catalyst is highly efficient, environmentally friendly and could become an alternative to homogenous and heterogenous catalytic reactions.

Graphical abstract: AlCl3@ZnO nanostructured material: an efficient green catalyst for the one-pot solvent-free synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines

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Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
26 jún. 2023
Accepted
29 júl. 2023
First published
18 ágú. 2023
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY-NC license

RSC Adv., 2023,13, 24767-24776

AlCl3@ZnO nanostructured material: an efficient green catalyst for the one-pot solvent-free synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines

S. T. Shinde, K. G. Kanade, R. B. Gawade, V. B. Hinge, M. D. Shinde, D. B. Bankar, N. M. Thorat and D. P. Amalnerkar, RSC Adv., 2023, 13, 24767 DOI: 10.1039/D3RA04277D

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