Recent developments in reverse phase-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction: a review

Abstract

In recent years, reverse phase-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (RP-DLLME) has emerged as a highly versatile and efficient sample preparation method in analytical chemistry. This miniaturized extraction method distinguishes itself by employing a hydrophilic extractant solvent dispersed in a predominantly hydrophobic sample matrix, which is the inverse of conventional DLLME approaches. RP-DLLME offers numerous advantages, including significant solvent reduction, high enrichment factors, short extraction times, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and minimal environmental impact, aligning with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). Additionally, RP-DLLME demonstrated remarkable versatility for the analysis of complex matrices with high organic content, such as edible oils, lubricating oils, and petroleum-derived samples. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the concepts, fundamentals, advantages, limitations, and advances of RP-DLLME applied to various samples types for elemental and organic analysis, covering studies published up to 2025.