Temperature dependence of hole conductor free formamidinium lead iodide perovskite based solar cells

Abstract

Organometal halide perovskite is a promising material in photovoltaic (PV) cells. Within a short time, its performance has increased dramatically to become a real competitor to silicon solar cells. Here we report on the temperature dependence (annealing temperature and the dependence of the photovoltaic parameters on temperature) of formamidinium (FA) lead iodide (FAPbI₃), methylammonium (MA) lead iodide (MAPbI₃) and their mixture (MAPbI₃ : FAPbI₃) in hole conductor free perovskite solar cells. These three types of perovskites function both as light harvesters and as hole conductors. Surface photovoltage and optical characterization reveal the p-type behavior and the band gap of the different perovskites. We observed that the ratio between the MA and FA cations might change during the annealing process, affecting the band gap and the stability of the layers. The PV parameters at different temperatures show better stability for the pure MAPbI₃ and FAPbI₃ solar cells compared to their mixture. Using intensity modulated photovoltage/photocurrent spectroscopy, we found that the diffusion length is weakly dependent on the light intensity, while the charge collection efficiency drops with light intensity for the FAPbI₃-based cells. However, for MAPbI₃ and the mixture, the charge collection efficiency remains constant for a wide range of light intensities.