A general strategy of decorating 3D carbon nanofiber aerogels derived from bacterial cellulose with nano-Fe3O4 for high-performance flexible and binder-free lithium-ion battery anodes

Abstract

Flexible, binder-free, and cost-effective materials have been highly sought-after in the development of next generation electrodes. Herein, we report a general, scalable, and eco-friendly synthesis of a novel flexible nano-Fe₃O₄-decorated three-dimensional (3D) carbon nanofiber (CNF) aerogel derived from bacterial cellulose (BC) (named Fe₃O₄-BC-CNFs) via a hydrothermal approach followed by carbonization. The as-prepared Fe₃O₄-BC-CNF electrodes with optimal Fe₃O₄ loading exhibit greatly improved electrochemical performance over bare BC-CNFs and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Furthermore, compared with most of the other relevant types of electrodes, the flexible and binder-free Fe₃O₄-BC-CNF electrodes can deliver a higher reversible capacity of 754 mA h g⁻¹ (after 100 cycles at 100 mA g⁻¹). The excellent electrochemical performance is ascribed to the highly dispersed Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles on CNFs, the 3D porous structure, large surface area, and the interconnected CNFs, which offer a large material/electrolyte contact area, promote a high diffusion rate of Li ions, and accommodate volume changes of the active materials during cycling. The excellent flexibility and high reversible capacity of the electrodes as well as the eco-friendly and scalable process make them promising for the development of flexible energy-storage devices.