Highly porous N-doped graphene nanosheets for rapid removal of heavy metals from water by capacitive deionization

Abstract

This work reports on a highly porous N-doped graphene-based capacitive deionization device, which exhibits a high removal efficiency (90–100%), fast removal (<30 min), and good regeneration performance (10 cycles, 99% retention) for multiple heavy metals (Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, etc.) in water with a wide range of concentrations (0.05–200 ppm).