Multiphase TiO2 nanostructures: a review of efficient synthesis, growth mechanism, probing capabilities, and applications in bio-safety and health

Abstract

This review article provides an exhaustive overview of the efficient synthesis, growth mechanism and research activities that mainly concern an assortment of multiphase TiO₂ nanostructures and their structural, morphological, optical and biological properties co-relations. First, a systematic review is provided for the state-of-art and synthetic mechanisms utilized to generate these nanostructured systems. A range of remarkable photoactive characteristics with respect to the effects of the structural phases as well as morphogenesis are then briefly covered and organized into sections presenting the nanostructures' photo-luminescence and photo-catalysis properties. A plausible mechanism for their nano–bio interaction is also reviewed, and clearly shows their potential in bio-safety and health applications. These studies should inspire researchers involved in both fundamental and application based research to pursue further developments in multiphase TiO₂ nanostructures.