Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

G. H. Bernhard; R. E. Neale; P. W. Barnes; P. J. Neale; R. G. Zepp; S. R. Wilson; A. L. Andrady; A. F. Bais; R. L. McKenzie; P. J. Aucamp; P. J. Young; J. B. Liley; R. M. Lucas; S. Yazar; L. E. Rhodes; S. N. Byrne; L. M. Hollestein; C. M. Olsen; A. R. Young; T. M. Robson; J. F. Bornman; M. A. K. Jansen; S. A. Robinson; C. L. Ballaré; C. E. Williamson; K. C. Rose; A. T. Banaszak; D.-P. Häder; S. Hylander; S.-Å. Wängberg; A. T. Austin; W.-C. Hou; N. D. Paul; S. Madronich; B. Sulzberger; K. R. Solomon; H. Li; T. Schikowski; J. Longstreth; K. K. Pandey; A. M. Heikkilä; C. C. White

doi:10.1039/D0PP90011G

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

G. H. Bernhard,

^a R. E. Neale,

^b P. W. Barnes,

^c P. J. Neale,

^d R. G. Zepp,

^e S. R. Wilson,

^f A. L. Andrady,

^g A. F. Bais,

^h R. L. McKenzie,

ⁱ P. J. Aucamp,

^j P. J. Young,

^k J. B. Liley,

ⁱ R. M. Lucas,

^l S. Yazar,

^m L. E. Rhodes,

ⁿ S. N. Byrne,

^o L. M. Hollestein,

^p C. M. Olsen,

^b A. R. Young,

^q T. M. Robson,

^r J. F. Bornman,

*^s M. A. K. Jansen,

^t S. A. Robinson,

^u C. L. Ballaré,

^v C. E. Williamson,

^w K. C. Rose,

^x A. T. Banaszak,

^y D.-P. Häder,

^z S. Hylander,

^aa S.-Å. Wängberg,

^ab A. T. Austin,

^v W.-C. Hou,

^ac N. D. Paul,^k S. Madronich,

^ad B. Sulzberger,

^ae K. R. Solomon,

^af H. Li,

^ag T. Schikowski,

^ah J. Longstreth,

^ai K. K. Pandey,

^aj A. M. Heikkilä

^ak and C. C. White

^al

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, California, USA

^b Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia

^c Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University, New Orleans, USA

^d Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA

^e United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA

^f School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia

^g Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

^h Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

ⁱ National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, Lauder, Central Otago, New Zealand

^j Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Faerie Glen, South Africa

^k Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK

^l National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia

^m Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia

ⁿ Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Salford Royal Hospital, Manchester, UK

^o School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

^p Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands

^q St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK

^r Organismal & Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

^s Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
E-mail: Janet.Bornman@Murdoch.edu.au

^t School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland

^u Centre for Sustainable Ecosystem Solutions, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia

^v Faculty of Agronomy and IFEVA-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

^w Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA

^x Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA

^y Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico

^z Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany

^aa Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden

^ab Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

^ac Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan, Republic of China

^ad National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA

^ae Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland

^af Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada

^ag Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China

^ah Research Group of Environmental Epidemiology, Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany

^ai Institute for Global Risk Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

^aj Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru, India

^ak Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

^al 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

Abstract

This assessment, by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP), one of three Panels informing the Parties to the Montreal Protocol, provides an update, since our previous extensive assessment (Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2019, 18, 595–828), of recent findings of current and projected interactive environmental effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stratospheric ozone, and climate change. These effects include those on human health, air quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and materials used in construction and other services. The present update evaluates further evidence of the consequences of human activity on climate change that are altering the exposure of organisms and ecosystems to UV radiation. This in turn reveals the interactive effects of many climate change factors with UV radiation that have implications for the atmosphere, feedbacks, contaminant fate and transport, organismal responses, and many outdoor materials including plastics, wood, and fabrics. The universal ratification of the Montreal Protocol, signed by 197 countries, has led to the regulation and phase-out of chemicals that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Although this treaty has had unprecedented success in protecting the ozone layer, and hence all life on Earth from damaging UV radiation, it is also making a substantial contribution to reducing climate warming because many of the chemicals under this treaty are greenhouse gases.

This article is part of the themed collections: SDG13: Climate Action – Ozone Depletion and 2020 Perspective article collection

Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences

Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2019

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