Interfaces of graphitic carbon nitride-based composite photocatalysts

Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), a layered conjugated organic polymer with suitable bandgap values of ∼2.7 eV, has been a welcomed nanostructure for photocatalytic applications in energy conversion and environmental purification. Some drawbacks of the pure g-C₃N₄ restrict the enhancement of photocatalytic performances, such as the limited solar-light harvesting ability, low surface area and rapid recombination rate of photoexcited electron–hole pairs. Interface engineering is considered as an effective strategy for addressing these issues by combining the superiorities of multi-components, as well as forming various kinds of interfaces. Broadly speaking, this enables the boosting of the light-response range, accelerate the transfer and separation of charge carriers, and inhibit the recombination of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. Unlike previous reviews, we herein summarize the interfaces-related topics of g-C₃N₄-based composite photocatalysts, including the methods to controllably devise and fabricate interfaces, the techniques to identify interfaces as well as the types and functions of the as-determined interface. Also, the relevant problems and ongoing challenges to design and understand interfaces of g-C₃N₄-based composite photocatalysts are put forward and highlighted. It is anticipated that this review could open a fresh pathway to further achievements of g-C₃N₄-based photocatalysts through better understanding and exploitation of interfaces.