Dual-ion charge–discharge behaviors of Na–NiNc and NiNc–NiNc batteries

Abstract

Dual-ion sodium-organic secondary batteries were produced with anti-aromatic porphyrinoid, NiNc, as an active electrode material, which exhibited inherent charge–discharge behavior with high discharge capacity, high stability, and high Coulombic efficiency at high current density (132.6 mA h g⁻¹ discharge capacity and 99.4% efficiency at the 100^th cycle with 1 A g⁻¹ of current density and 95.3 mA h g⁻¹ discharge capacity and 99.3% efficiency at the 100^th cycle with 2 A g⁻¹ of current density).