A singlet oxygen self-reporting photosensitizer for cancer phototherapy

Abstract

Photodynamic cancer therapy has attracted great attention with the increasing threat of tumors, and improving its therapeutic efficacy is highly desirable. However, due to the highly efficient intersystem crossing potency to generate singlet oxygen (¹O₂), high-efficiency photosensitizers often suffer from weak fluorescence and excess injury to normal tissue. To overcome these obstacles, here we show a reliable self-reporting strategy for real-time monitoring of therapeutic progression. As a proof of concept, a molecular dyad is designed by connecting benzo[a]phenoselenazinium (NBSe) to rhodamine (Rh), namely Rh-NBSe, where the fluorescence of the Rh unit is initially suppressed by the fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism, but enabled to recover as feedback signal once the reaction with photosensitized ¹O₂ takes place. The observed fluorescence increases by irradiation in vitro and in vivo successfully reflect the real-time ¹O₂ generation speed in photodynamic therapy. In addition, the favorable therapeutic advantages of Rh-NBSe are also verified, for example, the high Φ_Δ (0.8) and the low IC₅₀ (0.2 μM, 6 J cm⁻²). Based on the therapeutic ability and real-time ¹O₂ self-reporting ability, Rh-NBSe demonstrates significant potential for self-regulating phototherapy.