Metal oxide charge transporting layers for stable high-performance perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Charge transporting layers (CTLs) are essential components of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that significantly impact their performance and stability. Metal oxide CTLs are extensively used for PSCs owing to their high transparency, stability, and low-cost synthetic routes. However, metal oxide CTLs still have limitations such as excess surface defects and mismatched energy band alignment with the perovskite layer. To resolve these issues, various metal oxide materials and processes have been developed. Herein, we systematically review the recent developments in metal oxide CTLs for PSCs. We discuss the importance of nanostructure tuning, doping, and surface and interface functionalization approaches for metal oxide CTLs to enhance PSC performance and stability. Finally, the future perspectives for the further development of the metal oxide CTLs for PSCs are highlighted.