TMDC ternary alloy–based triboelectric nanogenerators with giant photo-induced enhancement

Abstract

Multifunctional self-powered energy harvesting devices have attracted significant attention for wearable, portable, IoT and healthcare devices. In this study, we report transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) ternary alloy (Mo_0.5W_0.5S₂)–based self-powered photosensitive vertical triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices, where the ternary alloy functions both as a triboelectric layer and as a photoabsorbing material. The scalable synthesis of the highly crystalline Mo_0.5W_0.5S₂ ternary alloy can overcome the limitations of binary TMDCs (MoS₂, WS₂) by utilizing its superior optical characteristics, enabling this semiconductor-based TENG device to simultaneously exhibit photoelectric and triboelectric properties. Benefiting from visible light absorption, this vertical TENG device generates higher triboelectric outputs and exhibits excellent power harvesting properties under visible light illumination. The open circuit voltage and short circuit currents of the devices under illumination (410 nm, 525 μW cm⁻²) are enhanced by 62% and 253%, respectively, while in the darkness, a very high photoresponsivity of ∼45.5 V mW⁻¹ (voltage mode) is exhibited, indicating the superior energy harvesting potential under ultralow illumination. Furthermore, the energy harvesting ability from regular human activities and the operation as artificial e-skin expands the multi-functionality of this TENG device, paving a pathway for simultaneous mechanical and photonic energy harvesting with self-powered sensing.