A Li-rich strategy towards advanced Mn-doped triphylite cathodes for Li-ion batteries

Abstract

Triphylite-structured lithium iron/manganese phosphates have captured rapt attention as prospective positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries, targeted to automotive applications. Here we report on a strategy to improve the power characteristics of Mn-doped LiFePO₄ cathode materials by introducing extra Li at the transition metal site (Li-rich) via a facile solvothermal synthesis route. The crystal structure refinement based on joint synchrotron and neutron powder diffraction data unambiguously confirmed the formation of a Li-rich phase, with additional validation coming from scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The particularly created defect structure of the Li-rich Li_1+δ(Fe_0.5Mn_0.5)_1−δPO₄ with additional Li⁺ ions residing at the 3d-metal site enables the extended solid solution region of the Li ion de/intercalation mechanism established using operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction. The suggested strategy offers an advanced electrochemical behavior of the materials that exhibit specific capacities of over 158 mAh g⁻¹ at C/10 and 120 mAh g⁻¹ at 10C, with retention of 84 ± 4% after 500 cycles at 10C.