Rhombohedral ZnIn2S4-catalysed anodic direct electrochemical oxidative cleavage of C–O bond in α-O-4 linkages in ambient conditions

Abstract

The electrochemical selective oxidative transformation of lignin feedstocks into valuable oxygenated aromatics is essential to establish a sustainable biorefinery. In this study, we used a rhombohedral ZnIn₂S₄ (R-ZIS) electrocatalyst to realise the efficient anodic cleavage of C–O bonds in benzyl phenyl ether (BPE), an α-O-4 lignin model compound, to a series of industrially relevant oxygenated mono-aromatics. The reaction occurred at +2 V_Ag/AgCl, 65 °C, and atmospheric pressure. In optimised conditions, the reaction achieved over 99% conversion rate with a Faraday efficiency of 51.6% at 91.3% conversion of BPE, that is greater than most known electrocatalytic oxidative cleavage examples. The ZnIn₂S₄ electrocatalyst was deposited on a carbon cloth support, and its structural properties and surface morphology were extensively investigated. Systematic potential controlled electrolysis coupled with ¹⁸O isotopic labelling confirmed that C–O scission occurred exclusively between the benzylic carbon and phenolic oxygen. Furthermore, substrate competition studies were conducted to compare the electrocatalytic performance of the R-ZIS catalyst with that of its structural analogue, hexagonal ZnIn₂S₄, in terms of BPE and mono-aromatics conversion. The experimental results were supported by density functional theory calculations. The substrate scoping study revealed the suitability of the R-ZIS induced electrocatalytic system for a variety of substituted α-O-4/β-O-4 model dimers. Overall, this work demonstrates an efficient anodic process that can enable the atom-efficient valorisation of lignin to produce oxygenated aromatics. The proposed approach can complement the numerous existing reductive lignin cleavage methods.