Skin-interfaced microfluidic biosensors for colorimetric measurements of the concentrations of ketones in sweat

Yunyun Wu; Xinming Li; Kenneth E. Madsen; Haohui Zhang; Soongwon Cho; Ruihao Song; Ravi F. Nuxoll; Yirui Xiong; Jiaqi Liu; Jingyuan Feng; Tianyu Yang; Kaiqing Zhang; Alexander J. Aranyosi; Donald E. Wright; Roozbeh Ghaffari; Yonggang Huang; Ralph G. Nuzzo; John A. Rogers

doi:10.1039/D4LC00588K

Skin-interfaced microfluidic biosensors for colorimetric measurements of the concentrations of ketones in sweat†

Yunyun Wu,^ab Xinming Li,^abc Kenneth E. Madsen,^abd Haohui Zhang,

^e Soongwon Cho,^ab Ruihao Song,^ab Ravi F. Nuxoll,^abfg Yirui Xiong,^ab Jiaqi Liu,^ab Jingyuan Feng,^abf Tianyu Yang,^ab Kaiqing Zhang,^eh Alexander J. Aranyosi,^abi Donald E. Wright,ⁱ Roozbeh Ghaffari,^abci Yonggang Huang,

^aefj Ralph G. Nuzzo*^d and John A. Rogers

*^abcfk

Author affiliations

* Corresponding authors

^a Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
E-mail: jrogers@northwestern.edu

^b Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

^c Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

^d Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
E-mail: r-nuzzo@illinois.edu

^e Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

^f Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

^g Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

^h State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China

ⁱ Epicore Biosystems, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

^j Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

^k Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA

Abstract

Ketones, such as beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), are important metabolites that can be used to monitor for conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and ketosis. Compared to conventional approaches that rely on samples of urine or blood evaluated using laboratory techniques, processes for monitoring of ketones in sweat using on-body sensors offer significant advantages. Here, we report a class of soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic devices that can quantify the concentrations of BHB in sweat based on simple and low-cost colorimetric schemes. These devices combine microfluidic structures and enzymatic colorimetric BHB assays for selective and accurate analysis. Human trials demonstrate the broad applicability of this technology in practical scenarios, and they also establish quantitative correlations between the concentration of BHB in sweat and in blood. The results represent a convenient means for managing DKA and aspects of personal nutrition/wellness.

This article is part of the themed collection: Celebrating George Whitesides’ 85th birthday

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Skin-interfaced microfluidic biosensors for colorimetric measurements of the concentrations of ketones in sweat†

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Skin-interfaced microfluidic biosensors for colorimetric measurements of the concentrations of ketones in sweat

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