Defect induced nitrogen reduction reaction of carbon nanomaterials

Abstract

In contrast to the Haber–Bosch process, which operates at extreme conditions generating green house gases and consuming fossil fuels, ammonia synthesis via electrochemical reduction of nitrogen, functioning at ambient conditions procured great significance. However, nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) confronts several challenges in terms of ammonia yield and selectivity, particularly owing to the pseudo hydrogen evolution reaction and the difficulty in dissociating nitrogen molecules. Numerous studies have been performed to promote its practical usage by resolving these contemporary concerns, with an emphasis on the electrocatalyst structures. Herein, a comprehensive analysis of the synthesis procedures and reduction mechanisms of defect tuned metal, non-metal and single metal atom doped carbon nanostructures has been accomplished from a theoretical and experimental standpoint. The review is segmented into three different sections, the first of which explains the basic NRR mechanisms, followed by highlighting the recent advancements in electrocatalyst design and surface tuning. Finally, it concludes by addressing the limitations and potential prospects of electrochemical NRR.