Interfacial Bi–S bonds modulate band alignment for efficient solar water oxidation

Abstract

Introducing suitable interfacial chemical bonds into heterojunctions can increase the charge carrier density, propel the charge separation, and facilitate interfacial charge extraction in photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation. However, tuning chemical bonds at heterojunction interfaces and elucidating their influences on band alignment and the associated evolution of PEC performance remain elusive. Herein, Bi–S bonds were introduced into the interface of a CdIn₂S₄ (CIS)/Bi₂WO₆ (BWO) heterojunction. In situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron spin resonance signals confirm that the Bi–S bond transforms the band alignment from type II to the direct Z-scheme, significantly enhancing the carrier separation efficiency. Theoretical calculations show that the Bi–S bond not only acts as an atomic-level charge transfer channel, but also changes the migration pathway and distance within the heterojunction. As a result, the optimized CIS/BWO photoanode exhibits a relatively high PEC performance of 4.25 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V vs. RHE (V_RHE) and a low onset potential of 0.30 V_RHE. This work presents a new avenue to construct comprehensively improved photoanodes by tuning the interfacial structures at the atomic level.