Narrow-bandgap Sn–Pb mixed perovskite single crystals for high-performance near-infrared photodetectors

Abstract

Narrow-bandgap Sn–Pb mixed perovskite single crystals are highly promising as photoactive materials for efficient and low-cost near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors. However, because of the significant difference in the crystallization velocities for Pb- and Sn-based perovskites, Sn–Pb mixed perovskites are peculiarly prone to phase separation during the crystallization process, causing the degradation of the optical and electronic properties of materials. Herein, we propose a low-temperature space-confined technique (LT-SCT) that simultaneously reduces the crystallization velocities of pure Sn and Pb perovskites, enabling the fabrication of pure-phase (FASnI₃)_0.1(MAPbI₃)_0.9 single crystals. The resulting (FASnI₃)_0.1(MAPbI₃)_0.9 single crystals exhibit excellent crystallinity with a high hole mobility of 7.44 × 10³ cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and a low surface trap density of 1.88 × 10⁹ cm⁻². These properties benefit the application of (FASnI₃)_0.1(MAPbI₃)_0.9 single crystals in self-powered NIR photodetectors and yield outstanding comprehensive performance, especially with a broad linear dynamic range of up to 163.5 dB, a large responsivity (R) of 0.53 A W⁻¹, and a fast response speed of 22.78 μs in the NIR spectral region (750–860 nm). Furthermore, high-quality NIR imaging and wearable health monitoring are achieved by employing high-performance and self-driven NIR photodetectors. This work contributes to developing Sn–Pb mixed perovskite single crystals and provides a promising candidate for efficient and low-cost NIR photodetection.