Dynamic evolution of metal–nitrogen–codoped carbon catalysts in electrocatalytic reactions

Abstract

Atomic metal–nitrogen–codoped carbon (M–N–C) catalysts are highly efficient for various electrocatalytic reactions because of their high atomic utilization efficiency. However, the high surface energy of M–N–C catalysts often results in stability issues in electrochemical reactions. Therefore, understanding the stability and dynamic evolution of M–N–C catalysts is crucial for elucidating the active centers and the composition/structure–activity relationship. This review summarizes the factors affecting the durability of atomic catalysts in electrochemical reactions and discusses possible changes in catalysts during these electrochemical processes. Finally, advanced characterization techniques are described, with a focus on tracking the dynamic evolution of M–N–C catalysts during electrocatalysis. This review offers insights into the rational optimization of M–N–C electrocatalysts and provides a framework for linking their composition and structure with their catalytic activity in future research.