Synthesis and catalytic application of nanostructured metal oxides and phosphates

Abstract

The design and development of new high-performance catalysts is one of the most important and challenging issues to achieve sustainable chemical and energy production. This Feature Article describes the synthesis of nanostructured metal oxides and phosphates mainly based on earth-abundant metals and their thermocatalytic application to selective oxidation and acid–base reactions. A simple and versatile methodology for the control of nanostructures based on crystalline complex oxides and phosphates with diverse structures and compositions is proposed as another approach to catalyst design. Herein, two unique and verstile methods for the synthesis of metal oxide and phosphate nanostructures are introduced; an amino acid-aided method for metal oxides and phosphates and a precursor crystallization method for porous manganese oxides. Nanomaterials based on perovskite oxides, manganese oxides, and metal phosphates can function as effective heterogeneous catalysts for selective aerobic oxidation, biomass conversion, direct methane conversion, one-pot synthesis, acid–base reactions, and water electrolysis. Furthermore, the structure–activity relationship is clarified based on experimental and computational approaches, and the influence of oxygen vacancy formation, concerted activation of molecules, and the redox/acid–base properties of the outermost surface are discussed. The proposed methodology for nanostructure control would be useful not only for the design and understanding of the complexity of metal oxide catalysts, but also for the development of innovative catalysts.