Advances in catalytic conversion of ethanol to higher alcohols as liquid fuels and aviation fuel precursors

Abstract

As a renewable green energy source, the catalytic upgrading of ethanol to higher alcohols (C₄₊) represents a critical pathway to overcome its inherent fuel limitations. C₈–C₁₆ isomer groups within higher alcohols are utilized as pivotal intermediates in synthesizing sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) via hydrodeoxygenation—a catalytic process critical for meeting globally mandated emission reduction targets in the aviation sector. This review comprehensively analyzes reaction mechanisms and catalyst design strategies for ethanol valorization, emphasizing the pivotal roles of acid-base synergy, metal-support electronic interactions, and dynamic intermediate regulation. While non-precious metal catalysts demonstrate scalable potential, challenges persist in aqueous-phase stability and long-chain selectivity. Future breakthroughs demand the integration of in situ characterization and multiscale simulations to engineer robust, water-tolerant catalytic systems, ultimately advancing the high-value transformation of bioethanol into drop-in biofuels and SAF precursors.