Stabilizing Ni catalysts in biogas reforming via in situ carbon deposit removal by CeO₂ oxygen vacancies

Ni-based catalysts face significant challenges of carbon deposition during biogas reforming to syngas. Herein, we propose leveraging the in situ consumption of carbon deposits generated during biogas reforming through oxygen vacancies (O_v) on the surface of CeO₂, ensuring enhanced activity and stability of the Ni₃Fe/CeO₂-rod structure catalyst. The catalyst exhibits an initial CH₄ conversion of 80.4% and a CO₂ conversion of 97.2%, with a mere 3.9% decline in CO₂ conversion after 720 min.