Percolation Networks in Stretchable Electrodes: Progress and Perspective

Abstract

Stretchable electrodes largely impact the performance of soft robotics, wearable electronics, and biomedical devices, requiring both high conductivity and significant stretchability. A key strategy to ensure stable electrical pathways under deformation is the construction of percolation networks (PNs). This article reviews recent advancements in PN designs for stretchable electrodes, categorizing them into two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), and integrated (2D + 3D) PNs. 2D PNs, characterized by planar conductive pathways formed from high-aspect-ratio nanomaterials, offer exceptional conductivity and flexibility. In contrast, 3D PNs, which feature interconnected structures within elastomers, provide superior mechanical robustness. The integrated 2D + 3D PNs combine the strengths of both approaches to achieve enhanced overall performance. The main text discusses recent progress in microscopic structural design, interface engineering, and filler distribution strategies that optimize PN networks, followed by representative applications of these networks. Future opportunities, challenges, and promising solutions are highlighted in the end.