New Frontiers in phosphorothioate formation: harnessing inorganic phosphorus sources

Organic phosphorothioates are a class of organic compounds containing the C–S–P structural motif, known for their unique physical and chemical properties. These compounds hold significant value in various fields, including agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and materials science, particularly playing a crucial role in agrochemicals and nucleotide modification. Traditionally, phosphorothioates have been synthesized primarily through the formation of P–S bonds or direct phosphorothioation reactions from organic phosphorus sources such as P(O)H and P(O)SH. In recent years, new strategies utilizing inorganic phosphorus sources, such as P₄S₁₀ and white phosphorus (P₄), have emerged as a dynamic area of research. This review highlights the latest advancements in the synthesis of phosphorothioates and phosphoropolythioates from inorganic phosphorus sources, focusing on their applicability, mechanisms, current limitations, and potential future directions.