Evaluating the path to sustainability: SWOT analysis of safe and sustainable by design approaches for metal–organic frameworks

Abstract

In this review, we conduct a comprehensive SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) through the lens of Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) guidelines, evaluating their potential to meet environmental, industrial, and societal needs. Renowned for their structural tunability, high surface area, and versatile applications—from gas storage to catalysis and environmental remediation—MOFs offer the strength of customisability through the selection of diverse metal nodes and organic linkers, allowing tailored functionalities that align with SSbD framework. This adaptability supports the development of MOFs with enhanced stability, selectivity, and safety, catering to a broad spectrum of applications. However, concerns remain about their environmental and health impacts across the material lifecycle. This review highlights the adaptability of MOFs, enabled by the strategic selection of metal nodes and organic linkers, allowing tailored functionalities that align with SSbD framework. The weaknesses section addresses the high environmental cost and limited stability associated with traditional MOF synthesis, emphasising the need for greener, scalable methods using benign solvents and renewable resources. The opportunities section explores advances in biocompatible and recyclable MOFs, aligning these materials with circular economy goals and sustainable material cycles that support the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In assessing potential threats, we discuss the emergence of alternative materials, such as carbon nanomaterials and Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs), which underline the urgency for SSbD-driven innovation within MOFs research. By advocating for a balanced SSbD approach, this review outlines strategies to reduce the environmental footprint of MOFs and enhance their industrial viability, providing a roadmap for the responsible large-scale adoption of MOFs that aligns with global sustainability objectives.