Advances and industrialization of LiFePO4 cathodes in electric vehicles: challenges, innovations, and future directions

Abstract

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) has become a transformative cathode material in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its safety, stability, and cost-efficiency. This review examines the development of LiFePO₄ technologies, from early discovery to large-scale industrialization, and highlights its pivotal role in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Key advancements, such as carbon coating, ion doping, and morphology control, have addressed issues such as low electrical conductivity and limited lithium-ion diffusion. Breakthrough technologies such as BYD's Blade® battery and CATL's Shenxing PLUS® battery illustrate the potential for high energy density, ultra-fast charging, and enhanced safety. This perspective also explores global production trends, focusing on China's leadership in scaling up LiFePO₄ production. Looking forward, continuous innovation in modification techniques and cost-effective manufacturing is expected to broaden LiFePO₄'s applications, driving sustainable energy storage solutions. This perspective underscores the role of LiFePO₄ in addressing environmental and economic challenges while meeting the increasing demand for clean energy.