Cathode Materials for Proton Batteries: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Abstract

Proton batteries have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage due to their low cost, high safety, fast rate capability, and wide temperature adaptability. In recent years, significant breakthroughs have been achieved in proton battery research. However, the development of these systems remains constrained by the scarcity of high-capacity, high-voltage cathode materials. Meanwhile, the field of proton battery cathodes currently lacks systematic review studies, and the organization of relevant knowledge remains insufficient. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in proton battery cathode and provides insights into their future development. First, we outline the fundamental characteristics of proton transport, with a focus on the role of the Grotthuss conduction mechanism. Next, we categorize and discuss key scientific challenges and optimization strategies for various proton battery cathode materials, along with design principles for novel cathode systems. Finally, we summarize the major challenges currently facing proton battery cathodes, propose potential modification approaches, and offer perspectives on future research directions. It is anticipated that this review will provide valuable guidance for the design and practical application of high-performance proton battery cathodes.