In situ quasi-elastic neutron scattering study on the water dynamics and reaction mechanisms in alkali-activated slags

Abstract

In this study, in situ quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS) has been employed to probe the water dynamics and reaction mechanisms occurring during the formation of NaOH- and Na₂SiO₃-activated slags, an important class of low-CO₂ cements, in conjunction with isothermal conduction calorimetry (ICC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and N₂ sorption measurements. We show that the single ICC reaction peak in the NaOH-activated slag is accompanied with a transformation of free water to bound water (from QENS analysis), which directly signals formation of a sodium-containing aluminum-substituted calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–(N)–A–S–H) gel, as confirmed by FTIR. In contrast, the Na₂SiO₃-activated slag sample exhibits two distinct reaction peaks in the ICC data, where the first reaction peak is associated with conversion of constrained water to bound and free water, and the second peak is accompanied by conversion of free water to bound and constrained water (from QENS analysis). The second conversion is attributed to formation of the main reaction product (i.e., C–(N)–A–S–H gel) as confirmed by FTIR and N₂ sorption data. Analysis of the QENS, FTIR and N₂ sorption data together with thermodynamic information from the literature explicitly shows that the first reaction peak is associated with the formation of an initial gel (similar to C–(N)–A–S–H gel) that is governed by the Na⁺ ions and silicate species in Na₂SiO₃ solution and the dissolved Ca/Al species from slag. Hence, this study exemplifies the power of in situ QENS, when combined with laboratory-based characterization techniques, in elucidating the water dynamics and associated chemical mechanisms occurring in complex materials, and has provided important mechanistic insight on the early-age reactions occurring during formation of two alkali-activated slags.