Multifunctional zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 for real-time monitoring ATP fluctuation in mitochondria during photodynamic therapy

Abstract

Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) is emerging as a promising vector in encapsulation and delivery of imaging agents or drugs. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy source in cells and plays a key role in many cellular processes. Although numerous probes have been developed for ATP detection, only a few of them were used to real-time monitor ATP fluctuation in mitochondria during photodynamic therapy (PDT). Here, an ATP-responsive and fluorescent ZIF-8 is synthesized for real-time monitoring mitochondrial ATP fluctuation in living cells during photodynamic therapy. Rhodamine B (RhB) as a fluorescent indicator is encapsulated into ZIF-8 to form multifunctional RhB@ZIF-8 via a one step process. RhB@ZIF-8 can rapidly respond to ATP with ZIF-8 decomposition and fluorescence off–on switch via a competitive coordination interaction and exhibits good sensitivity and selectivity to ATP with a detection limit of 35 μM. Furthermore, RhB@ZIF-8 is successfully utilized for real-time monitoring and imaging mitochondrial ATP fluctuation in living cells during photodynamic therapy with good biocompatibility and high cell permeability. It is found that the ATP levels in mitochondria increased within 1 min of light irradiation and then decreased with further increase of the light irradiation time during PDT using an Ir(III) complex. This work demonstrates that RhB@ZIF-8 can serve as a promising fluorescent probe to monitor mitochondrial ATP fluctuation with fast response, good sensitivity and endogenous molecule-responsive properties inside living cells.