The effective removal of Pb2+ by activated carbon fibers modified by l-cysteine: exploration of kinetics, thermodynamics and mechanism

Abstract

Herein, we developed a low-cost fabrication route to prepare chemically grafted activated carbon fibers, which effectively removed Pb²⁺ from solution. Multiple characteristic results indicated that L-cyst-ACF had abundant nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing functional groups. Based on the XPS and EDS analyses, the capture of Pb²⁺ was attributed to the abundant adsorption sites on the fiber surface. According to the analysis of the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, the adsorption process could be interpreted as monolayer adsorption and chemisorption, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity was determined to be 136.80 mg g⁻¹ by fitting the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of L-cyst-ACF for Pb²⁺ was calculated to be 179.53 mg g⁻¹ using the Langmuir model. In addition, the adsorption reaction was endothermic and spontaneous, as evidenced by the thermodynamic parameters. The outcomes of this study provide a low-cost and feasible strategy for the remediation of Pb²⁺ pollution in the environment.