Stable lithium metal anode enabled by in situ formation of a Li3N/Li–Bi alloy hybrid layer

Abstract

A hybrid protective layer containing a Li₃N and Li–Bi alloy is fabricated on a Li-metal anode as an artificial SEI layer to guide dendrite-free Li deposition. Noteworthily, the hybrid interface could not only facilitate homogeneous Li plating but also provide rapid Li⁺ transportation, enabling a long-term stability of ∼2400 h at 0.5 mA cm⁻² with a low steady overpotential of 10 mV.