ZnO-decorated green-synthesized multi-doped carbon dots from Chlorella pyrenoidosa for sustainable photocatalytic carbamazepine degradation

Abstract

The promising green synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) from microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa was achieved using simple hydrothermal and microwave-assisted methods. Doping of nanomaterials by nonmetals (N, S, and P) was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the existence of metals in the CDs was confirmed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Mg, Ca, K, and Na were found as the dominant doped metals. The novel nanomaterials with excellent photoluminescence (PL) properties were used for the modification of ZnO obtained by a simple hydrothermal process. In this regard, a series of ZnO decorated with multi-doped carbon dots (xCDs) was prepared and their photocatalytic properties were evaluated. The ZnO-xCD photocatalysts were characterized by various advanced techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XPS, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), PL, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. The photocatalytic behaviour of the obtained materials was investigated in the degradation of carbamazepine (CBZ). The influence of the synthesis method of xCDs and their content on the activity of the photocatalyst was examined. The photocatalyst ZnO modified with 3% xCDs obtained by the microwave-assisted method revealed the highest effectiveness for CBZ degradation and allowed for a first-order degradation rate of 2.85 times in comparison with non-modified ZnO. The improvement of the photocatalytic process was achieved by support with peroxymonosulphate resulting in up to 3.18 times a first order kinetic rate constant compared with that of simple photocatalysis in the presence of ZnO-xCDs. Taken together, our synthesized multi-doped CDs and their nanohybrids with ZnO, can be considered as promising candidates for photocatalytic applications.