Hyaluronan nanoplatelets exhibit extended residence time compared to spherical and ellipsoidal nanomaterials with equivalent surface potentials and volumes after oral delivery in rats

Abstract

The physicochemical properties of colloidal particles—such as size, surface properties, and morphology—play a crucial role in determining their behaviors and transit through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. While some data exist for nonspherical nanomaterials (NMs) composed of silica or polystyrene, there is limited understanding of NMs composed of polysaccharides and polymers. This study explores the fate and GI tract residence time of hyaluronan-based NMs with distinctive hexagonal morphology and flat surfaces (nanoplatelets) following administration to rats. The behavior of these nanoplatelets was compared to NMs with spherical and ellipsoidal morphologies. The three types of NMs were labeled with a near-infrared dye (Cy5.5) and administered in single doses to healthy rats, followed by real-time in vivo imaging over 24 hours. The results revealed that altering NM morphology from spherical to ellipsoidal did not significantly affect GI tract residence time or toxicity profiles in vitro and in vivo. However, nanoplatelets exhibited a stronger Cy5.5 fluorescence signal in the abdominal region and demonstrated slower gastric emptying than spherical and ellipsoidal NMs. Ex vivo analysis of excised GI tracts rinsed with saline indicated that nanoplatelets adhered more effectively to the tightly bound mucus layer. Furthermore, histological examination of colon sections showed that nanoplatelets induced a minimal global inflammation score comparable to that of healthy rats. This study underscores the potential of hyaluronan-based nanoplatelets for oral administration, offering promising directions for both fundamental research and practical applications in nanomedicine.