Calculations of the effect of catalyst size and structure on the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 on Cu nanoclusters

Abstract

The structure and catalytic properties of Cu nanoclusters of sizes between 55 and 147 atoms were examined to understand if small Cu clusters could provide enhancement over traditional catalysts for the electrocatalysis of CO₂ to CO and carbon-based fuels, such as CH₄ and CH₃OH, compared to bulk Cu surfaces and large Cu nanoparticles. Clusters studied included Cu₅₅, Cu₇₈, Cu₁₀₁, Cu₁₂₄, and Cu₁₄₇, the structures of which were determined using global optimisation. The majority of Cu clusters examined were icosahedral, including the perfect closed-shell, partial-shell, elongated and distorted icosahedral clusters. Free energy diagrams for the reduction of CO₂ showed the potential required for the formation of CO is notably smaller for all cluster sizes considered, relative to Cu(111). Less variation is observed for the limiting potential for the formation of CH₄ and CH₃OH. However, it was found that clusters that are either a distorted motif or contain vacancy defects yielded the best activity and provide an interesting synthesis target for future experiments.