Regulating electron transfer and orbital interaction within metalloporphyrin-MOFs for highly sensitive NO2 sensing

Abstract

The understanding of electron transfer pathways and orbital interactions between analytes and adsorption sites in gas-sensitive studies, especially at the atomic level, is currently limited. Herein, we have designed eight isoreticular catechol–metalloporphyrin scaffolds, FeTCP–M and InTCP–M (TCP = 5,10,15,20-tetrakis-catechol-porphyrin, M = Fe, Co, Ni and Zn) with adjustable charge transfer schemes in the coordination microenvironment and precise tuning of orbital interactions between analytes and adsorption sites, which can be used as models for exploring the influence of these factors on gas sensing. Our experimental findings indicate that the sensitivity and selectivity can be modulated using the type of metals in the metal–catechol chains (which regulate the electron transfer routes) and the metalloporphyrin rings (which fine-tune the orbital interactions between analytes and adsorption sites). Among the isostructures, InTCP–Co demonstrates the highest response and selectivity to NO₂ under visible light irradiation, which could be attributed to the more favorable transfer pathway of charge carriers in the coordination microenvironment under visible light illumination, as well as the better electron spin state compatibility, higher orbital overlap and orbital symmetry matching between the N-2s2p_z hybrid orbital of NO₂ and the Co-3d_z² orbital of InTCP–Co.