Jörg
Grunenberg
*
Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig 38106, Germany. E-mail: Joerg.Grunenberg@tu-bs.de
First published on 4th May 2015
In a recent publication, the interpretation of Braunschweig's diboryne NHC–BB–NHC as a true triple bond is questioned. The analysis by Köppe and Schnöckel is based, inter alia, on the calculation of rigid coupling force constants. Nevertheless, since it is known for a long time that the use of rigid force constants as bond strength descriptors is by no means straightforward, we recomputed the rigid force constants for a model diboryne, applying different coordinate systems and compared the values with the relaxed force constants (generalized compliance constants, GCC). In contrast with the results by Schnöckel and Köppe, the true coupling between the boron–boron bond and the boron–carbon bond, that is, after the elimination of all numerical artifacts, is negligible (fBB/BC = −0.003).
In a recent publication,2 the interpretation of the boron–boron triple bond in Holger Braunschweig's diboryne NHC–BB–NHC (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene)3 as a triple bond is questioned. The analysis by Köppe and Schnöckel is based, inter alia, on the calculation of rigid coupling force constants. Nevertheless, since it is known for a long time that the use of rigid force constants as bond strength descriptors is by no means straightforward,4 we conducted the present study in order to evaluate the robustness of the numerical data.
Scheme 1 The matrices of rigid force constants (upper row) and relaxed force constants (lower row) for water computed at the CCSD(T)/aug-ccpv5z level of theory. |
Coming back to the diboryne question, the seemingly high BB/BC coupling force constant computed by Schnöckel and Köppe of +0.16 mdyn Å−1 piques one’s curiosity: is it “real” or is it an artifact of the coordinate system selected by the authors? This is important since, in the words of Schnöckel and Köppe “the interaction force constant means the interaction between two bonds, i.e. whether or not and to which extent there is a restoring force within the two bonds”.
As part of our ongoing project to develop unique numerical descriptors for chemical concepts, we introduced the method of generalized compliance constants (GCC) some years ago, as an extension to the theory of compliance matrices, valid for arbitrary non-stationary or stationary points on the potential energy hypersurface.6 The entries of the inverted Hessian matrix, the compliance constants, do not suffer from coordinate dependencies and can thus be assumed to be much more transferable between similar chemical environments.7
In order to separate real coupling phenomena from deceptive ones suggested by numerical artefacts, we – in a second step – therefore recomputed (1) the rigid force constants for Schnöckel's model system 1 of Braunschweig's diboryne, applying three different coordinate systems (see below) and (2) relaxed force constants applying our GCC formalism. In the following we denote the different coordinate systems according to Schnöckel's and Köppe's symmetry coordinates (S1); Peter Pulay's natural internal coordinates (S2); primitive internal z-matrix coordinates (S3) and finally our own generalized compliance coordinates,6b consisting of a redundant set of stretching coordinates (S4). For a better comparison with Schnöckel's data, all geometry optimizations and Cartesian force constants were computed at the BP87/dz level of theory. The transformation of the rigid Hessian matrices (S1, S2, S3) were done using Fogarasi's and Pulay's fctint code,8 while the relaxed force constants (S4) were computed using our COMPLIANC 3.0 code, freely available from our site www.oc.tu-bs.de/Grunenberg (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1 Relevant relaxed force and coupling constants, computed at the BP86/dz level of theory, applying the generalized compliance constants (GCC) approach,6 for the model system 1. Both, the diagonal and the coupling terms are unique, that means, they do not depend on the definition of all other coordinates. |
As expected (see Table 1), our relaxed diagonal boron–boron (fBB = 5.9 mdyn Å−1) and boron–carbon (fBC = 5.1 mdyn Å−1) force constants comprise a lower boundary for all other possible coordinate systems. While the effect is quite small for Schnöckel's (S1) and Pulay's (S2) coordinate systems – both fBB values are 6.0 mdyn Å−1 – the fBB value expressed in z-matrix variables (S3) of 7.3 mdyn Å−1 again is “pretending” a stronger BB bond. The same is true for the boron–carbon bond.9 Most important nevertheless, the true coupling between the boron–boron bond and the boron–carbon bond, after the elimination of all numerical artifacts, is more or less negligible (fBB/BC = −0.003).
(S1) | (S2) | (S3) | (S4) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
a The unit of the coupling constant is given in Å mdyn−1. | ||||
f BB | 6.0 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 5.9 |
f BC | 5.2 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.1 |
f BB/BC | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.38 | −0.003 |
In combination with a quick analysis of three model systems of archetypical B–B single, double and triple bonds and a comparison with the relaxed force constant of 6.3 mdyn Å−1 computed by Fischer and Braunschweig10 for the real diboryne (B2IDip2) allows a unique interpretation of the B–B bond under question as a triple bond.11
(2) If rigid force constants are employed for the description of individual bond strength anyhow, the bonding situation is always described as being too strong, since the values of rigid force constants are necessarily higher than the values of the corresponding relaxed force constants. This is of course also true for non-covalent interactions,12 even if there are still some misunderstandings on this aspect.13
(3) The true coupling between the boron–boron bond and the boron–carbon bond, after the elimination of all numerical artifacts, is negligible (fBB/BC = −0.003).
Applying the method of generalized compliance constants (GCC), the calculation of relaxed force constants for covalent and non-covalent coordinates is now a straightforward task. It is somehow disturbing that, nearly 15 years after our original publication,14 the use of ill-defined, rigid force constants as bond strength descriptors is still prevalent.
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