Dual stimuli-induced formation of a μ-hydroxido bridged [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆]¹²⁺ half-pipe

Abstract

Low-symmetry metal–organic architectures that feature unusual binding motifs are useful for exploring new modes of guest recognition. Such structures remain difficult to create using current rational design principles. One approach to constructing such architectures is to employ ligands with coordination vectors oriented to preclude the formation of simple, low nuclearity molecular assemblies upon complexation to metal ions. Here we report two new supramolecular assemblies generated from such a ligand: a simple metastable [Zn₃L₃]⁶⁺ assembly, which was observed to convert to a more complex [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆]¹²⁺ twisted half-pipe architecture. Two chemically distinct stimuli—an anionic template and a base—must be applied for the conversion to occur. Perchlorate, perrhenate, trifluoromethanesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate were found to act as competent templates for the [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆]¹²⁺ structure.

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Introduction

Complex, responsive molecular networks constitute living systems and are thus subjects of intense study.^1–4 Recently, the development of synthetic chemical networks that respond in complex ways to stimuli has provided a platform to study and emulate the fundamental processes of natural systems.^5–8 A promising strategy is to exploit the dynamic nature of organic^9–14 and metal–organic self-assembled complexes^15–19 to generate systems that undergo rearrangement upon application of a chemical signal. Previously reported systems have registered a single response to a single signal, e.g., a template,^20–23 ligand^24–27 or light.^28–35 More complex behaviour can be designed when systems exhibit differential responses to multiple signals, acting as logic gates.^36–44 In the present case of an AND gate,^45,46 two distinct stimuli must be present together in order to elicit a functional response.

Subcomponent self-assembly^47–54 has proved to be a powerful tool for generating metallosupramolecular assemblies.^55–62 Many of these assemblies, by virtue of the dynamic interactions that hold them together, exhibit complex responses to external stimuli.^63,64 Increasing the number and type of ligands that comprise the system can increase the complexity of its response, as different components respond to stimuli in distinct ways.

We have recently developed a strategy to favour the formation of heteroleptic assemblies containing multitopic pyridyl-imine ligands.^65,66 Quaterpyridine dialdehyde subcomponent 1 (Scheme 1) was designed to form ligands with three rigidly parallel coordination vectors following metal-templated Schiff-base formation. The orientations of these vectors precluded the formation of discrete structures upon complexation with iron(II) salts, instead favouring the formation of mixed-ligand structures when other complimentary ligands were employed in the self-assembly reaction.⁶⁵ With zinc(II), the geometry of 1, together with in-situ-generated μ-hydroxide complimentary ligands and specific anionic templates, gave rise to a singular twisted ‘half-pipe’ architecture, 3.

Scheme 1 Schematic representation of the synthesis of [Zn₃L₃]⁶⁺ assembly 2 and its conversion to a [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆]¹²⁺ twisted half-pipe structure 3. Its formation requires the presence of both a base that forms the six μ-OH bridges in the structure and template anions that reside in the hydroxide lined groove of the structure. All reactions were carried out in acetonitrile at 70 °C for 12 h.

Results and discussion

When 1 (1 equiv.), 4-methoxyaniline (2 equiv.) and zinc(II) bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (triflimide, 2 equiv.) were mixed in acetonitrile, assembly 2 was observed to form. Its ¹H NMR spectrum was consistent with a symmetric structure possessing a single ligand environment (ESI, Fig. S1†) and the ESI mass spectrum was consistent with a [Zn₃L₃]⁶⁺ formulation (ESI, Fig. S5†). By contrast, no well-defined species were observed to form in the analogous reaction involving iron(II) in place of zinc(II).⁶⁵ We hypothesize that 2 forms with zinc(II) due to its larger ionic radius (compared to Fe^II) and its lack of a stereoelectronic preference for a regular octahedral coordination environment.⁶⁷ The ground-state geometry of 2 may be either helical⁶⁸ (D₃ point symmetry) or a ‘mesocate’^69–72 (D_3h symmetry).

Upon addition of a suitable template anion and a source of hydroxide, 2 reorganised to give the [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆]¹²⁺ twisted half-pipe architecture 3, featuring a longitudinal groove into which template anions were observed to bind (Scheme 1). The conversion of 2 into 3 was monitored by ¹H NMR spectroscopy following addition of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (4 equiv.) to an acetonitrile solution of 2, 4-methoxyaniline (6 equiv.) and H₂O (ca. 50 equiv.) at room temperature. After two minutes the resonances associated with 2 decreased in intensity and were replaced with a complicated series of broad resonances. Over a period of 12 h at 70 °C the resonances associated with 3 appeared and grew in intensity (ESI, Section 1.7†). ESI-MS of the resulting solution revealed signals with m/z values corresponding to [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆]¹²⁺ with both perchlorate and triflimide anions. After 12 h at 70 °C there were no further changes to the ¹H NMR spectrum of the reaction mixture. Resonances corresponding to 2 could, however, still be observed, which is attributed to the stoichiometric mismatch between the M₃L₃ and M₉L₅ architectures.

Half-pipe 3 could also be prepared directly from its precursors. When zinc(II) perchlorate hexahydrate (6 equiv.), 1 (5 equiv.) and 4-methoxyaniline (16 equiv.) were mixed in acetonitrile for 12 h at 70 °C, a turbid yellow suspension resulted. Following filtration and precipitation with diethyl ether the resulting product possessed a ¹H NMR spectrum corresponding to a species with five distinct ligand environments (ESI, Fig. S9 and S10†). Slow diffusion of diethyl ether into an acetonitrile solution of the product afforded X-ray quality crystals. X-ray crystallography revealed the structure of complex 3, which contains nine zinc(II) centres linked by five ligands (Fig. 1). Three ligands pack tightly side-by-side with their coordination vectors parallel and aromatic stacking interactions occurring between neighbouring ligands. The remaining two ligands lie opposite, with their coordination vectors antiparallel to the first three. This arrangement produces a longitudinal groove between the two outermost ligands, within which four perchlorate anions bind (Fig. 1a and c). These anions hydrogen bond to six bridging hydroxide anions which line the base of the groove, each of which bridges two zinc centres bound by adjacent ligands (Fig. 1b). Thus, the three inner zinc(II) centres adopt a tetrahedral coordination sphere defined by one bidentate and two hydroxide ligands, and the six outer zinc(II) centres are five-coordinate, each bound by two bidentate ligands and a single hydroxide. Both ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy (ESI, Section 1.3†) provided results consistent with the observed solid-state structure.

Fig. 1 X-ray crystal structure of [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆](ClO₄)₁₂ twisted half-pipe 3. (a) View down the pseudo C₂ axis of symmetry. (b) Cutaway view showing two μ-OH bridging anions coordinating to three adjacent zinc centres. (c) Cutaway showing the perchlorate anion templates inside the groove (C, grey; N, blue; Zn, yellow; O, red; Cl, green; H, white). (d) Space filling representation of 3 showing the three tightly packed ligands and helical twist. Uniform colours represent individual ligands. Disorder, non-coordinating anions and solvent are omitted for clarity.

The hydroxide (μ-OH) bridges in 3 are inferred to form when 4-methoxyaniline deprotonates water present in the reaction mixture. Indeed, we found that the cleanest formation of 3 could be observed when six extra equivalents of either 4-methoxyaniline or triethylamine were included in a reaction mixture of the correct stoichiometry. However, the direct addition of six equivalents of tetramethylammonium hydroxide caused the formation of intractable precipitates in the presence of perchlorate, possibly due to the kinetic precipitation of zinc oxide or hydroxide in the presence of free HO⁻. The perchlorate anions, which were observed to bind in the groove of the structure, are also necessary but not sufficient to cause the transformation of 2 into 3. Complex 2 is stable for 12 h at 70 °C in the presence of either four equivalents of tetrabutylammonium perchlorate or six equivalents of 4-methoxyaniline and water. In order to convert complex 2 into 3 both a templating anion and a source of hydroxide were thus necessary.

Perrhenate, trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) and 2-naphthalenesulfonate anions were also found to serve as competent templates for the [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆] motif. Mixtures of zinc(II) triflimide (9 equiv.), 1 (5 equiv.), 4-methoxyaniline (16 equiv.) and a suitable salt of the template anion (4 equiv.) were heated in acetonitrile at 70 °C for 12 h. The resulting turbid yellow suspensions were filtered, and the products isolated by precipitation with diethyl ether. ¹H NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS analyses confirmed that both 2 and 3 were present in solution in all three cases. The proportion of 3 to 2 could be increased by slow crystallization and subsequent isolation of the crystalline solid by filtration. However, attempts to increase the concentration of 3 relative to 2 by increasing the concentration of the templating anion were found to increase the formation of insoluble precipitates. The solubility of the Zn(II) salts of these templating anions may be limiting the degree to which the equilibrium between these two species can be influenced through template addition.

X-ray quality crystals were obtained for all three anion-templated structures by slow diffusion of diethyl ether into acetonitrile solutions. Solution and solid-state analyses indicated all of these assemblies share the same overall 3 architecture. In the case of the perrhenate anion, which is a close structural analogue of perchlorate, four anions were observed to bind within the groove in similar positions as perchlorate (Fig. 2a); the outer two perrhenates were, however, disordered and modelled with partial occupancy. By contrast, triflate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate were observed to occupy only the two inner binding sites of the groove (Fig. 2b and c). In each case, the SO₃⁻ group was oriented into the grove while the CF₃ and naphthalene groups pointed away from the groove between the two outer ligands. The planar aromatic naphthalene moieties underwent π-stacking interactions with the two outer ligands, with centroid–centroid distances of 3.7–4.0 Å (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2 X-ray crystal structures of 3 templated by (a) perrhenate, (b) triflate and (c) 2-naphthalenesulfonate. The templating anions are shown in space-filling mode. Disorder, non-coordinating anions and solvent are omitted for clarity.

Fig. 3 View down the length of the groove in cutaway X-ray crystal structures of 3 templated by (a) triflate and (b) 2-naphthalenesulfonate. The templating anions are shown in space-filling mode.

These additional π-stacking interactions are postulated to engender a greater binding affinity for 2-naphthalenesulfonate than was observed for the other templating anions.⁷³ Two equivalents of 2-naphthalenesulfonate sufficed to displace the perchlorate, perrhenate or triflate anions from 3; complex mixtures of products were observed when only one equivalent of 2-naphthalenesulfonate was added (ESI, Section 1.12†). A more comprehensive hierarchy of binding affinities could not be determined due to the similarity and complexity of the spectra obtained in other anion displacement experiments (ESI Section 1.11†).

Conclusions

In conclusion, we demonstrate that the combination of a metal template without stereoelectronic coordination preferences – zinc(II) – with a subcomponent designed to disfavour the formation of simple low nuclearity structures – 1 – produces an assembly that is susceptible to multi-stimuli-induced structural transformations. Here a simple [Zn₃L₃]⁶⁺ assembly was found to rearrange to a more complex [Zn₉L₅(μ-OH)₆]¹²⁺ twisted half-pipe assembly only in the presence of both a base, necessary for the generation of the secondary hydroxide ligands, and a templating anion. The cationic, chiral groove of 3, and other congeners of this new structure type, may prove useful in recognising and binding more complex anionic substrates, perhaps inducing new chemical transformations within its highly-charged, half-encapsulated inner environment.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). DAR acknowledges the Gates Cambridge Scholarship for PhD funding. We thank Diamond Light Source (UK) for synchrotron beam time on I19 (MT8464).

Notes and references

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Footnote

† Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. CCDC 1410155–1410158. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03926f

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