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Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2-catalyzed kinetic resolution of tertiary propargylic alcohols

Jie Wang a, Wei-Feng Zheng a, Yuling Li b, Yin-Long Guo *b, Hui Qian *a and Shengming Ma ab
aResearch Center for Molecular Recognition and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Lu, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China. E-mail: qian_hui@fudan.edu.cn
bState Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China. E-mail: ylguo@sioc.ac.cn

Received 13th January 2024 , Accepted 28th February 2024

First published on 1st March 2024


Abstract

We report here an asymmetric carboxylation reaction based on kinetic resolution of tertiary propargylic alcohols by identifying Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 as the pre-catalyst. A variety of optically active tertiary propargylic alcohols and tetrasubstituted 2,3-allenoic acids were obtained in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. The salient features of this report include the use of readily available substrates, a readily available precatalyst, mild reaction conditions, remarkable functional group tolerance, gram-scale synthesis, and versatile synthetic transformations. Mass spectrometry experiments trapped some key intermediates, which revealed the mechanism.


Introduction

Optically active tertiary propargylic alcohols are useful building blocks in organic synthesis.1 Typically, three catalytic strategies have been developed for asymmetric synthesis of tertiary propargylic alcohols (Scheme 1a):2–6 (a) enantioselective alkynylation of methyl ketones,2b,c,e,g,h trifluoromethyl ketones,3b–f α-carbonyl ketones,4 and acyl silanes5 with terminal alkynes or 1-alkynyl trimethylsilanes4b in >90% ee; (b) enantioselective addition of nucleophiles (including Me2Zn, Et2Zn, TMSCF3, aldehydes, α-N3 amides, etc.) with 4-phenylbut-3-yn-2-one,6a pyridin-2-yl 1-alkynyl ketones,6dtert-butyl-substituted ethynyl ketones,6e propargylic ketoesters,6f or trifluoromethyl 1-alkynyl ketones6g,h in >90% ee; (c) catalytic kinetic resolution of racemic tertiary propargylic alcohols:7 In 2019, Oestreich and coworkers reported the kinetic resolution by the enantioselective Si–O coupling catalyzed by MesCu/(R,R)-Ph-BPE affording tertiary 1-phenyl-1-(n-butyl)- or 1-cyclohexyl (or N-Boc-piperidinyl-4-yl)-1-methyl-2-alkynols in 92–96% ee;7c in 2021, Li and coworkers realized the kinetic resolution via chiral Rh(III)-catalyzed allenylation of benzamides affording tertiary 1-aryl-1-bulky alkyl (tert-butyl, adamantyl, cyclohexyl, isopropyl)-2-alkynols in >90% ee;7d in the same year, Zhou and coworkers demonstrated the kinetic resolution via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition affording tertiary 1-aryl-1-bis(cyclohexyloxy)methyl (or fluoroalkyl)-2-alkynols in >90% ee.7e On the other hand, due to the axial allenes serving as versatile precursors in organic transformations and material science,8 development of expeditious paths for constructing optically active tetrasubstituted allenes has been receiving increasing attention in the synthetic community. Representative catalytic methods for axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes9,10 are as follows (Scheme 1b): (a) direct asymmetric functionalization of trisubstituted allenes.9f–i These reported strategies are generally based on the formation of allenic carbanion analogues through the deprotonation of trisubstituted allenes to react with electrophiles, which demand the potential acidity of trisubstituted allenes such as trisubstituted allenoates and allenamides. (b) Asymmetric 1,4-functionalization of 1,3-enynes.9j–o It is restricted to terminal enynes or activated enynes. (c) Chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalyzed conjugate addition to quinone methides9p–r formed from specific substrates including 4-hydroxylphenyl, 4-aminophenyl, or 2/3/6/7-indolyl substituted propargylic alcohols. Therefore, catalytic asymmetric formation of tetrasubstituted allenes, especially from readily available chemicals, remains challenging. Recently, with the help of the supporting ligand PPh3, we reported a Pd-catalyzed kinetic resolution carboxylation reaction of tertiary propargylic alcohols for a series of chiral 2,3-allenoic acids11 and chiral tertiary propargylic alcohols12 under different reaction conditions. Here we wish to report the identification of pre-prepared Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 as the pre-catalyst, and both optically active tertiary propargylic alcohols and tetrasubstituted 2,3-allenoic acids could be easily accessed under mild reaction conditions with high efficiency and enantioselectivities via a kinetic resolution process. Furthermore, the synthetic potential of the current method has been showcased by scale-up reactions and derivatization reactions of optically active products.
image file: d4qo00082j-s1.tif
Scheme 1 Approaches to optically active tertiary propargylic alcohols and tetrasubstituted allenes.

Results and discussion

Optimization of reaction conditions

With Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 as the pre-catalyst, the reactions of 2-phenyloct-3-yn-2-ol rac-1a were conducted and some of the typical results are shown in Table 1. First of all, two sets of control experiments were conducted by using Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 as the catalyst instead of PdCl2 and a chiral phosphine ligand under our previous optimal conditions (entries 1 and 2):11,12 no products were observed at −5 °C (entry 1), and the reaction only delivered (S)-2a in 23% NMR yield at 25 °C (entry 2). Interestingly, the reaction exhibited a moderate efficiency at 15 °C and provided (S)-2a in 17% NMR yield with 93% ee in the absence of the supporting ligand, which suggested that the catalytic species involved in the current Pd-complex-catalyzed reaction may be different from that of the former protocols (entry 3). By prolonging the reaction time to 36 hours, the yield of (S)-2a was slightly improved with a higher yield of the enyne product (entry 4). To our delight, 44% yield of (S)-1a with 90% ee was observed when the reaction was carried out at 20 °C (entry 5). By applying 10 mol% of (PhO)2POOH, the desired product (S)-1a was formed in 46% yield with 98% ee (entries 6–10). Thus, the optimal reaction conditions of this Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2-catalyzed kinetic resolution carboxylation reaction for the optically active tertiary propargylic alcohols have been identified as shown in entry 7 of Table 1. Under the same conditions, optically active tetrasubstitued 2,3-allenoic acid (S)-2a could also be smoothly obtained in 45% yield with 91% ee by just shortening the reaction time to 12 hours (entry 8).
Table 1 Optimization of reaction conditionsa

image file: d4qo00082j-u1.tif

Entry x T (°C) t (h) (S)-2a (S)-1a (E)-2a′ 1a′
Yield,b eec (%) Recovery,b eec (%) Yieldb (%) Yieldb (%)
a Reaction conditions: rac-1a (0.2 mmol), Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 (2 mol%), (PhO)2POOH (x mol%), and H2O (20 equiv.) in toluene (1 mL) at T °C with a CO balloon unless otherwise noted. b Determined by 1H NMR analysis using dibromomethane as the internal standard. c Determined by HPLC analysis. d 20 mol% PPh3 was added.
1d 20 −5 18 0, — 100, —
2d 2 25 18 23, 90 78, 30
3 20 15 18 17, 93 78, 16 5
4 20 15 36 20, 94 65, 19 13
5 20 20 18 51, 85 44, 90 2 4
6 15 20 18 51, 84 41, 93 2 4
7 10 20 18 51, 82 46, 98 2 2
8 10 20 12 45, 91 54, 70
9 5 20 18 55, 82 45, 96
10 2.5 20 18 51, 85 51, 91


Substrate scope

With the optimized reaction conditions in hand, the generality of this Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2-catalyzed carboxylation reaction was investigated. As shown in Scheme 2, a range of tertiary propargylic alcohols containing electron-donating groups (1b–1d) or electron-withdrawing (1e–1g) on the phenyl ring furnished the corresponding products in good yields (33%–45%) with excellent ee (91%–99%). Naphthyl-substituted tertiary propargylic alcohol (1h) was compatible with the current system. Moreover, the substrates employing aliphatic substituents (Cy and tBu) were also successfully resolved to afford the desired products (S)-1i and (S)-1j in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities. Besides nBu substitution at the R1 position, a series of tertiary propargylic alcohols containing different carbon chains ranging from C3 to C8 and versatile functional groups, such as the halogen atom (Cl), cyano, and allyl, were all suitable, affording the corresponding optically active tertiary propargylic alcohol products (S)-1k–(S)-1s in 29–45% yields with up to 99% ee. For the R2 group, the methyl substituent may also be replaced with ethyl to recover (S)-1t in 38% yield with 95% ee.
image file: d4qo00082j-s2.tif
Scheme 2 The substrate scope of chiral tertiary propargylic alcohols. Reaction conditions: rac-1 (0.5 mmol), Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 (2 mol%), (PhO)2POOH (10 mol%), and H2O (20 equiv.) in toluene (2.5 ml) at 20 °C with a CO balloon unless otherwise noted. s is the selectivity factor. s = kfast/kslow = ln[1 − (1 − recovery)(1 + ee)]/ln[1 − (1 − recovery)(1 − ee)]. Recovery is determined by 1H NMR analysis, and ee is the enantiomeric excess value determined by HPLC analysis. a[thin space (1/6-em)]The reaction was carried out with 12 mol% (PhO)2POOH.

Next, we turned our attention to the substrate scope for the formation of chiral 2,3-allenoic acids (Scheme 3). No obvious steric effect was observed since the substrates containing the methyl group at the 2-, 3- or 4-position of the phenyl group provided the targeted products (S)-2b, (S)-2c and (S)-2w in good yields (37%–41%) with high ee (91%–92%). The substrates bearing the functional groups OMe, Cl, Br, and CO2Me on the phenyl ring also underwent the carboxylation reaction efficiently, affording the corresponding products (S)-2d–(S)-2g in good yields with more than 90% ee. 2-Naphthyl substituted and 3-thienyl substituted propargylic alcohols were also well tolerated (1h and 1x). Notably, the alkyl substituted substrates at R3 could also be converted to the desired products (S)-2i and (S)-2j smoothly. R1 with different carbon chains bearing a variety of different functional groups (halide, cyano, allyl) afforded the desired products (S)-2k–(S)-2s and (S)-2u in good yields with no less than 90% ee. Furthermore, when R2 was an ethyl group, the reaction also formed the chiral 2,3-allenoic acids (S)-2t and (S)-2v with high enantioselectivities. However, when R2 was Bn, the reaction was slow, affording 15% of (S)-2y with 71% ee after 72 hours.


image file: d4qo00082j-s3.tif
Scheme 3 The substrate scope of chiral 2,3-allenoic acids. Reaction conditions: rac-1 (0.5 mmol), Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 (2 mol%), (PhO)2POOH (10 mol%), and H2O (20 equiv.) in toluene (2.5 ml) at 20 °C with a CO balloon unless otherwise noted. s is the selectivity factor. s = kfast/kslow = ln[1 − (1 − recovery)(1 + ee)]/ln[1 − (1 − recovery)(1 − ee)]. Yield is determined by 1H NMR analysis, and ee is the enantiomeric excess value determined by HPLC analysis. a[thin space (1/6-em)]The reaction was carried out with 4 mol% Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2.

Gram scale reactions and synthetic applications

A gram-scale carboxylation reaction worked smoothly, delivering the corresponding chiral product (S)-1a in 42% yield with 92% ee (Scheme 4a); the 50 mmol scale reaction of rac-1a afforded 4.24 g of (S)-2a in 36% isolated yield and 90% ee. To exhibit the synthetic utility, several transformations of (S)-1a have been carried out as shown in Scheme 4b: rhodium catalyzed highly regioselective hydroarylation of (S)-1a with boronic acid afforded the desired product (R,E)-3 in good yields without erosion of ee;13 the reaction of (S)-1a with red-Al afforded the allylic alcohol (R,E)-4 in 80% yield with 91% ee;14 (S)-1a could be selectively transformed to phenyl enol ether (R,Z)-5 in 77% yield with 91% ee under gold catalysis.15 Moreover, the copper-catalyzed hydroboration of (S)-1a delivered the useful intermediate (R,Z)-6 in 91% yield.16 On the other hand, 1.4 g of rac-1f was smoothly converted to (S)-2f in 39% yield with 94% ee and 50% of (S)-1f was recovered in 76% ee under the standard conditions (Scheme 4c). Subsequently, a successful successive kinetic resolution of the recovered (S)-1f to afford (R)-2f in higher yield (80%) and ee (97%) was realized with Pd((S)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2. Employing this pair of enantiomeric allenoic acids (S)-2f and (R)-2f, a series of transformations were investigated. A CuCl-catalyzed cycloisomerization reaction was realized affording (R)-7 in excellent yield without the loss of ee.17 Furthermore, a Suzuki coupling reaction with the estrone-derived boronic acid afforded 8 in good yield and dr (>20[thin space (1/6-em)]:[thin space (1/6-em)]1).18 A cyclization reaction of (S)-2f catalyzed by PdCl2 in the presence of allyl bromide afforded allyl furanone (S)-9 in 83% yield with 93% ee.19 The reaction of (R)-2f with methyl methoxylamine hydrochloride led to the formation of Weinreb amide (R)-10 in 89% yield with 97% ee.20 In addition, the treatment of (R)-10 with MeMgBr could afford chiral allenone (R)-11 in 84% yield and with 97% ee.
image file: d4qo00082j-s4.tif
Scheme 4 The gram scale reactions and synthetic applications. Reaction conditions: (1) (Cp*RhCl2)2 (2.5 mol%), (4-MeO2C)C6H4B(OH)2 (2.0 equiv.), AgBF4 (15 mol%), NaOAc (20 mol%), MeOH, rt, air, 12 h; (2) red-Al (3.5 equiv.), Et2O, −78 °C, 1 min, rt, 6 h; (3) PPh3AuNTf2 (2 mol%), PhOH (1.2 equiv.), K2CO3 (1.0 equiv.), CHCl3, 50 °C, 16 h; (4) B2Pin2 (1.3 equiv.), CuCl (15 mol%), PCy3 (18 mol%), NaOtBu (15 mol%), MeOH (2.0 equiv.), toluene, rt, 12 h; (5) rac-1f (5.0 mmol), Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 (2 mol%), (PhO)2POOH (10 mol%), H2O (20 equiv.), toluene, CO balloon, 20 °C, 11 h; (6) CuCl (4 mol%), MeOH, 60 °C, 1 h; (7) Pd(dppf)Cl2 (10 mol%), boronic acid (1.1 equiv.), K2CO3 (2.0 equiv.), DMSO, 80 °C, 1.5 h; (8) PdCl2 (5 mol%), allyl bromide (6 equiv.), DMA, 50 °C, 18 h; (9) Pd((S)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2 (2 mol%), (PhO)2POOH (10 mol%), H2O (20 equiv.), toluene, CO balloon, 20 °C, 16 h; (10) methyl methoxylamine hydrochloride (1.3 equiv.), EDC·HCl (1.3 equiv.), NEt3 (1.3 equiv.), DMAP (0.1 equiv.), DCM, 0 °C to rt, 3 h; (11) MeMgBr (4.0 equiv.), THF, −78 °C to 0 °C, 1 h.

SAESI-MS studies

To further reveal the process of this Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2-catalyzed reaction, solvent-assisted electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (SAESI-MS) studies were carried out (Scheme 5).21 Under standard conditions, the resulting mixture was analyzed after stirring for 10 min. A signal at m/z 1320 was observed, which matched the m/z of the intermediate [Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl]+ (calcd for C74H10035ClO8P2106Pd+: 1319.5611) MS-Int. I (Scheme 5b). The reaction of the catalyst with the H+-activated tertiary propargylic alcohols, H2O, and CO could afford the allenylpalladium intermediate (Sa)-MS-Int. II (Scheme 5c, m/z 1470). Moreover, the carboxylation intermediate (Sa)-MS-Int. III and/or (Sa)-MS-Int. III′ (Scheme 5d, m/z 1534) was also detected.
image file: d4qo00082j-s5.tif
Scheme 5 The SAESI-MS studies. (a) SAESI-MS spectrum of the reaction solution after stirring for 10 min; the inset SAESI-MS spectrum shows the major signal from m/z 1315 to 1330, 1465 to 1480, 1510 to 1525 and 1525 to 1540; (b) SAESI-MS/MS spectrum of the complex ion [Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl]+ (MS-Int. I) at m/z 1320; (c) SAESI-MS/MS spectrum of the complex ion (Sa)-MS-Int. II at m/z 1470; (d) SAESI-MS/MS spectrum of the complex ion (Sa)-MS-Int. III and/or (Sa)-MS-Int. III′ at m/z 1534.

Combining the 1H NMR monitoring experiment (for details see ESI Table 1) and mass spectrometric studies, a catalytic cycle was proposed as shown in Scheme 6. First, Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2I would be reduced in situ to form the catalytically active species Pd(0)((R)-DTBM-SEGphos) II. Then II would react with the configuration-matched H+-activated propargylic alcohol (R)-1′ to afford the allenylpalladium intermediate (Sa)-MS-Int. IIvia stereo-defined anti-SN2′-type oxidative addition. The subsequent reaction of (Sa)-MS-Int. II with CO and H2O delivered the carboxylation intermediate (Sa)-MS-Int. III and/or (Sa)-MS-Int. III′, which generated the product 2,3-allenoic acid (S)-2avia reductive elimination. Moreover, the slowly reacting propargylic alcohol (S)-1a could be recovered in excellent ee.


image file: d4qo00082j-s6.tif
Scheme 6 The proposed mechanism.

Conclusions

In summary, a Pd((R)-DTBM-SEGphos)Cl2-catalyzed carboxylative kinetic resolution reaction of racemic tertiary propargylic alcohols has been developed. Under this set of mild reaction conditions, a variety of enantioenriched tertiary propargylic alcohols and optically active tetrasubstituted 2,3-allenoic acids were obtained in good yields with excellent ee (up to >99%). Gram-scale reactions were easily realized and the optically active tertiary propargylic alcohols and 2,3-allenoic acids could be converted to a series of optically active functionalized products indicating the generality and practicality of this strategy. Mass spectrometry experiments revealed the catalytic process. Further studies in this topic are currently underway in our laboratory.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Acknowledgements

Financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFA1503200 for S. M.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21988101 for S. M. and 22171048 for H. Q.), and the Shanghai Rising-Star Program (23QA1400400 for H. Q.) is greatly appreciated. We thank Dr Yizhan Zhai in this group for reproducing the results of (S)-1h, (S)-1j and (S)-2l, presented in Schemes 2 and 3.

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  6. For examples of enantioselective addition to ynones, see: (a) M. Yus, D. J. Ramón and O. Prieto, Highly enantioselective addition of dialkylzinc reagents to ketones promoted by titanium tetraisopropoxide, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 2002, 13, 2291–2293 CrossRef CAS ; (b) S. E. Denmark and Y. Fan, Catalytic, enantioselective Aldol additions to ketones, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 4233–4235 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (c) S. Lou, P. N. Moquist and S. E. Schaus, Asymmetric allylboration of ketones catalyzed by chiral diols, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 12660–12661 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (d) D. K. Friel, M. L. Snapper and A. H. Hoveyda, Aluminum-catalyzed asymmetric alkylations of pyridyl-substituted alkynyl ketones with dialkylzinc reagents, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 9942–9951 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (e) H. Kawai, K. Tachi, E. Tokunaga, M. Shiro and N. Shibata, Cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed asymmetric trifluoromethylation of alkynyl ketones with trimethylsilyl trifluoromethane, Org. Lett., 2010, 12, 5104–5107 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (f) J. M. García, J. M. Odriozola, J. Razkin, I. Lapuerta, A. Odriozola, I. Urruzuno, S. Vera, M. Oiarbide and C. Palomo, Catalytic enantioselective quick route to Aldol-tethered 1,6- and 1,7-enynes from ω-unsaturated aldehydes, Chem. – Eur. J., 2014, 20, 15543–15554 CrossRef PubMed ; (g) E. Sánchez-Díez, M. Fernández, U. Uria, E. Reyes, L. Carrillo and J. L. Vicario, Enantioselective synthesis of tertiary propargylic alcohols under N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis, Chem. – Eur. J., 2015, 21, 8384–8388 CrossRef PubMed ; (h) H. Noda, F. Amemiya, K. Weidner, N. Kumagai and M. Shibasaki, Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of CF3-substituted tertiary propargylic alcohols via direct Aldol reaction of α-N3 amide, Chem. Sci., 2017, 8, 3260–3269 RSC ; (i) F. W. van der Mei, C. Qin, R. J. Morrison and A. H. Hoveyda, Practical, broadly applicable, α-selective, Z-selective, diastereoselective, and enantioselective addition of allylboron compounds to mono-, di-, tri-, and polyfluoroalkyl ketones, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139, 9053–9065 CrossRef CAS PubMed .
  7. For examples of kinetic resolution of racemic tertiary propargylic alcohols, for enzyme catalysis, see: (a) S. Bartsch, R. Kourist and U. T. Bornscheuer, Complete inversion of enantioselectivity towards acetylated tertiary alcohols by a double mutant of a bacillus subtilis esterase, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2008, 47, 1508–1511 CrossRef PubMed ; For transition metal catalysis, see: (b) Z. Li, V. Boyarskikh, J. H. Hansen, J. Autschbach, D. G. Musaev and H. M. L. Davies, Scope and mechanistic analysis of the enantioselective synthesis of allenes by rhodium-catalyzed tandem ylide formation/[2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement between donor/acceptor carbenoids and propargylic alcohols, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134, 15497–15504 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (c) J. Seliger, X. Dong and M. Oestreich, Kinetic resolution of tertiary propargylic alcohols by enantioselective Cu–H-catalyzed Si–O coupling, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2019, 58, 1970–1974 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (d) R. Mao, Y. Zhao, X. Zhu, F. Wang, W.-Q. Deng and X. Li, Rhodium-catalyzed and chiral zinc carboxylate-assisted allenylation of benzamides via kinetic resolution, Org. Lett., 2021, 23, 7038–7043 CrossRef CAS ; (e) K. Liao, Y. Gong, R.-Y. Zhu, C. Wang, F. Zhou and J. Zhou, Highly enantioselective CuAAC of functional tertiary alcohols featuring an ethynyl group and their kinetic resolution, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 8488–8493 CrossRef CAS ; For organocatalysis, see: (f) S. Niu, H. Zhang, W. Xu, P. R. Bagdi, G. Zhang, J. Liu, S. Yang and X. Fang, Access to enantioenriched compounds bearing challenging tetrasubstituted stereocenters via kinetic resolution of auxiliary adjacent alcohols, Nat. Commun., 2021, 12, 3735 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (g) T. Desrues, X. Liu, J.-M. Pons, V. Monnier, J.-A. Amalian, L. Charles, A. Quintard and C. Bressy, Indirect tertiary alcohol enantiocontrol by acylative organocatalytic kinetic resolution, Org. Lett., 2021, 23, 4332–4336 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (h) G. Wang, L. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Zhao, X. Ban, T. Shao, Y. Yin and Z. Jiang, Kinetic resolution of azaarylethynyl tertiary alcohols by chiral Brønsted acid catalysed phosphine-mediated deoxygenation, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202214838 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (i) S. Xie, X. Gao, F. Zhou, H. Wu and J. Zhou, Enantioselective carboxylative cyclization of propargylic alcohol with carbon dioxide under mild conditions, Chin. Chem. Lett., 2020, 31, 324–328 CrossRef CAS .
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  9. Selected reviews for the synthesis of axially chiral allenes: (a) S. Yu and S. Ma, How easy are the syntheses of allenes?, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 5384–5418 RSC ; (b) W.-D. Chu, Y. Zhang and J. Wang, Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric synthesis of allenes, Catal. Sci. Technol., 2017, 7, 4570–4579 RSC ; (c) W. Xiao and J. Wu, Recent advances in the metal-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of chiral allenes, Org. Chem. Front., 2022, 9, 5053–5073 RSC ; (d) X. Wang, X. Chen, W. Lin, P. Li and W. Li, Recent advances in organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral allenes, Adv. Synth. Catal., 2022, 364, 1212–1222 CrossRef CAS ; (e) T. T. Nguyen, Organocatalytic synthesis of axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes, Org. Biomol. Chem., 2023, 21, 252–272 RSC ; For asymmetric functionalization of trisubstituted allenes, see: (f) T. Hashimoto, K. Sakata, F. Tamakuni, M. J. Dutton and K. Maruoka, Phase-transfer-catalysed asymmetric synthesis of tetrasubstituted allenes, Nat. Chem., 2013, 5, 240–244 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (g) C. T. Mbofana and S. J. Miller, Diastereo- and enantioselective addition of anilide-functionalized allenoates to N-acylimines catalyzed by a pyridylalanine-based peptide, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 3285–3292 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (h) G. Wang, X. Liu, Y. Chen, J. Yang, J. Li, L. Lin and X. Feng, Diastereoselective and enantioselective alleno-Aldol reaction of allenoates with isatins to synthesis of carbinol allenoates catalyzed by gold, ACS Catal., 2016, 6, 2482–2486 CrossRef CAS ; (i) Y. Hu, W. Shi, B. Zheng, J. Liao, W. Wang, Y. Wu and H. Guo, Organocatalytic asymmetric C(sp2)-H allylic alkylation: enantioselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted allenoates, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 19820–19824 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; For asymmetric 1,4-functionalization of 1,3-enynes, see: (j) A. Tap, A. Blond, V. N. Wakchaure and B. List, Chiral allenes via alkynylogous Mukaiyama Aldol reaction, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2016, 55, 8962–8965 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (k) Y. Liao, X. Yin, X. Wang, W. Yu, D. Fang, L. Hu, M. Wang and J. Liao, Enantioselective synthesis of multisubstituted allenes by cooperative Cu/Pd-catalyzed 1,4-arylboration of 1,3-enynes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 1176–1180 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (l) Y. Zeng, M.-F. Chiou, X. Zhu, J. Cao, D. Lv, W. Jian, Y. Li, X. Zhang and H. Bao, Copper-catalyzed enantioselective radical 1,4-difunctionalization of 1,3-enynes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2020, 142, 18014–18021 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (m) X.-Y. Dong, T.-Y. Zhan, S.-P. Jiang, X.-D. Liu, L. Ye, Z.-L. Li, Q.-S. Gu and X.-Y. Liu, Copper-catalyzed asymmetric coupling of allenyl radicals with terminal alkynes to access tetrasubstituted allenes, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 2160–2164 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (n) H. Huang, H. Zhang, Q. Wang, Y. Sun, L. Su, W. Xu, Y. Ma, S. Kong, G. Zhang and R. Guo, Copper-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-aryl/alkynylation of 1,3-enynes to access axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes, ChemCatChem, 2023, 15, e202300697 CrossRef CAS ; (o) Y. Zhang, J. Wu, L. Ning, Q. Chen, X. Feng and X. Liu, Enantioselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted allenes via addition/arylation tandem reaction of 2-activated 1,3-enynes, Sci. China: Chem., 2023, 66, 526–533 CrossRef CAS ; For chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalyzed conjugate addition to quinone methides formed from propargylic alcohols, see: (p) D. Qian, L. Wu, Z. Lin and J. Sun, Organocatalytic synthesis of chiral tetrasubstituted allenes from racemic propargylic alcohols, Nat. Commun., 2017, 8, 567 CrossRef PubMed ; (q) P. Zhang, Q. Huang, Y. Cheng, R. Li, P. Li and W. Li, Remote stereocontrolled construction of vicinal axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes and heteroatom-functionalized quaternary carbon stereocenters, Org. Lett., 2019, 21, 503–507 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (r) W.-R. Zhu, Q. Su, H.-J. Diao, E.-X. Wang, F. Wu, Y.-L. Zhao, J. Weng and G. Lu, Enantioselective dehydrative γ-arylation of α-indolyl propargylic alcohols with phenols: access to chiral tetrasubstituted allenes and naphthopyrans, Org. Lett., 2020, 22, 6873–6878 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; Selected other examples: (s) T. Hayashi, N. Tokunaga and K. Inoue, Rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric 1,6-addition of aryltitanates to enynones giving axially chiral allenes, Org. Lett., 2004, 6, 305–307 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (t) M. Hammel and J. Deska, Enantioselective synthesis of axially chiral tetrasubstituted allenes via lipase-catalyzed desymmetrization, Synthesis, 2012, 44, 3789–3796 CrossRef CAS ; (u) Y. Tang, J. Xu, J. Yang, L. Lin, X. Feng and X. Liu, Asymmetric three-component reaction for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted allenoates via allenoate-copper intermediates, Chem, 2018, 4, 1658–1672 CrossRef CAS ; (v) B. Shi, J.-B. Liu, Z.-T. Wang, L. Wang, Y. Lan, L.-Q. Lu and W.-J. Xiao, Synthesis of chiral endocyclic allenes by palladium-catalyzed asymmetric annulation followed by Cope rearrangement, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2022, 61, e202117215 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (w) J. Wang, W.-F. Zheng, X. Zhang, H. Qian and S. Ma, Stereoselectivity control in Rh-catalyzed β-OH elimination for chiral allene formation, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 7399 CrossRef PubMed .
  10. Selected examples for heteroatom-substituted chiral tetrasubstituted allenes: (a) M. Wang, Z.-L. Liu, X. Zhang, P.-P. Tian, Y.-H. Xu and T.-P. Loh, Synthesis of highly substituted racemic and enantioenriched allenylsilanes via copper-catalyzed hydrosilylation of (Z,)-2-alken-4-ynoates with silylboronate, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 14830–14833 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (b) J. Yang, Z. Wang, Z. He, G. Li, L. Hong, W. Sun and R. Wang, Organocatalytic enantioselective synthesis of tetrasubstituted α-amino allenoates by dearomative γ-addition of 2,3-disubstituted indoles to β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 642–647 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (c) A. G. Woldegiorgis, Z. Han and X. Lin, Organocatalytic asymmetric dearomatization reaction for the synthesis of axial chiral allene-derived naphthalenones bearing quaternary stereocenters, Org. Lett., 2021, 23, 6606–6611 CrossRef CAS PubMed ; (d) F. Li, S. Liang, Y. Luan, X. Chen, H. Zhao, A. Huang, P. Li and W. Li, Organocatalytic regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective γ-additions of isoxazol-5(4H)-ones to β,γ-alkynyl-α-imino esters for the synthesis of axially chiral tetrasubstituted α-amino allenoates, Org. Chem. Front., 2021, 8, 1243–1248 RSC ; (e) C. Sheng, Z. Ling, J. Xiao, K. Yang, F. Xie, S. Ma and W. Zhang, Enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of chiral tetrasubstituted α-amino allenoates bearing a vicinal all-carbon quaternary stereocenter with dual-copper-catalysis, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202305680 CrossRef PubMed ; (f) T. J. O'Connor, B. K. Mai, J. Nafie, P. Liu and F. D. Toste, Generation of axially chiral fluoroallenes through a copper-catalyzed enantioselective β-fluoride elimination, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2021, 143, 13759–13768 CrossRef PubMed ; (g) J. S. Ng and T. Hayashi, Asymmetric synthesis of fluorinated allenes by rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective alkylation/defluorination of propargyl difluorides with alkylzincs, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2021, 60, 20771–20775 CrossRef CAS PubMed .
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Footnotes

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d4qo00082j
These authors contributed equally.

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