Enzyme degradable star polymethacrylate/silica hybrid inks for 3D printing of tissue scaffolds

Abstract

There is unmet clinical need for scaffolds that can share load with the host tissue while biodegrading under the action of enzymes present at the site of implantation. The aim here was to create the first enzyme cleavable inorganic–organic hybrid “inks” that can be 3D printed as scaffolds for bone regeneration. Inorganic–organic hybrids are co-networks of inorganic and organic components. Although previous hybrids performed well under cyclic loads, there was little control over their degradation. Here we synthesised new hybrids able to degrade in response to endogenous tissue specific metallo proteinases (collagenases) that are involved in natural remodeling of bone. Three well-defined star polymers, of the monomer 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) and of methyl methacrylate (MMA), of different architectures were prepared by RAFT polymerisation. The linear arms were connected together at an enzyme degradable core using a collagenase cleavable peptide sequence (GLY-PRO-LEU-GLY-PRO-LYS) modified with dimethacryloyl groups as a crosslinker for RAFT polymerisation. The effect of polymer architecture, i.e. the position of the TMSPMA groups on the polymers, on bonding between networks, mechanical properties, biodegradation rate and 3D printability, via direct ink writing, was investigated for the first time and was proven to be critical for all three properties. Specifically, hybrids made with star polymers with the TMSPMA close to the core exhibited the best mechanical properties, improved printability and a higher degradation rate.