Effect of the substituents of new coumarin-imidazo[1,2-a]heterocyclic-3-acrylate derivatives on nonlinear optical properties: a combined experimental-theoretical approach

Abstract

A series of new coumarin-imidazo[1,2-a]heterocyclic-3-acrylate derivatives 7a–h were synthesized by the Heck reaction between the corresponding 3-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines)-(2-yl)-2H-chromen-2-ones 4a–e and methyl acrylate in 45–87% yields. The effect of the distinct substituents on third-order nonlinear optical properties was examined, experimentally measuring their nonlinear refractive indexes by the Z-scan technique. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory were utilized with the B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, PBE (PBEPBE), and M062X functionals on Gaussian09 software to calculate the vertical excitation, relaxation of the brightest excited states, conformation, HOMO–LUMO gaps, oscillator strength, polarizability, and hyperpolarizabilities of all derivatives. Although all acrylates showed a nonlinear response at a certain level of power, the compounds bearing a diethylamino electron-donating group exhibited higher nonlinear refractive index values (∼10⁻⁹ cm² W⁻¹), which is in agreement with the trend in the computational calculations of the first and second hyperpolarization. According to the structural analysis, the electron-withdrawing group (acrylate) is mainly responsible for the loss of coplanarity because of increasing the dihedral angle between the coumarin and imidazo[1,2-a]heterocyclic moieties (to 39.1°). On the other hand, the unsubstituted compound 4a presented the greatest nonlinearity due to its almost coplanar structure (n₂ ∼ 10⁻⁸ cm² W⁻¹), highlighting the importance of this feature.