Mechanochemistry unveils stress transfer during sacrificial bond fracture of tough multiple network elastomers

Abstract

The molecular level transfer of stress from a stiff percolating filler to a stretchable matrix is a crucial and generic mechanism of toughening in soft materials. Yet the molecular details of how this transfer occurs have so far been experimentally unreachable. Model multiple network elastomers containing spiropyran (SP) force sensors incorporated into the stiff filler network or into the stretchable matrix network are used here to detect and investigate the mechanism of stress transfer between distinct populations of polymer strands. We find that as the filler network progressively breaks by random bond scission, there is a critical stress where cooperative bond scission occurs and the macroscopic stretch increases discontinuously by necking. Surprisingly, SP molecules reveal that even in the necked region both filler and matrix chains share the load, with roughly 90% of the SPs force-activated in the filler chains before necking still being loaded in the necked region where significant activation of the SP incorporated into the matrix chains occurs. This result, where both networks remain loaded upon necking, is qualitatively consistent with the model proposed by Brown, where holes or microcracks are formed in the stiff regions and are bridged by stretched matrix chains. Detection of merocyanine (i.e. activated SP) fluorescence by confocal microscopy shows that such microcrack formation is also active at the crack tip even for materials that do not exhibit macroscopic necking. Additionally, we demonstrate that when the ethyl acrylate monomer is replaced by hexyl methacrylate in the first network, preventing molecular connections between the two networks, the stress transmission is less efficient. This study outlines the different roles played by these multiple networks in the onset of fracture and provides molecular insights for the construction of molecular models of fracture of elastomers.