A sensitive ratiometric fluorescence probe with a large spectral shift for sensing and imaging of palladium

Abstract

Palladium (Pd) is an important heavy metal with excellent catalytic properties and widely used in organic chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry. Efficient and convenient analytical techniques for Pd are urgently needed due to the hazardous effects of Pd on the environment and human health. Herein, we have developed five new ratiometric probes for the selective detection of Pd⁰ based on the Pd-catalyzed Tsuji–Trost reaction. Among them, the F-substituted probe PF-Pd showed the largest spectral shift (148 nm) and the most sensitive response (detection limit 2.11 nM). PF-Pd was employed to determine Pd⁰ in tap water or lake water samples, which presented satisfactory accuracy and precision. In addition, profiting from its distinct colorimetric response, visual detection of Pd⁰ was performed on PF-Pd loaded test strips or in field soil samples. Furthermore, fluorescence imaging of living 4T1 cells demonstrated that PF-Pd is suitable for imaging of intracellular Pd⁰. The good analytical performance of PF-Pd may enable it to be widely used in the convenient, rapid, sensitive and selective detection of Pd⁰ in environmental or biological analysis.