Extremely stable system of 1-haloselanyl-anthraquinones: experimental and theoretical investigations

Abstract

Highly stable selanyl halides, 1-ATQSeX (X = I (1), Br (2) and Cl (3)), were prepared. The structures of 1, 2, 6 (1-ATQSeX: X = Me) and 7 (1-ATQBr) were determined. QC calculations were performed on 1–3, 4 (X = F), 5 (X = H), 6, 7 and 8 (X = SeATQ-1). The O⋯Se distances in 1–4 from the sum of the vdW radii of the atoms (Δr(Se, O₁)) were less than −1 Å, in magnitude, which must be the driving force for the high stability. The O-*-Se interactions seem stronger in the order of 1 < 2 < 3 < 4. The intrinsic dynamic and static natures of O⋯Se and/or Se⋯X in 1–8 are elucidated by QTAIM dual functional analysis (QTAIM-DFA). The Se-*-I, Se-*-Br, Se-*-Cl and Se-*-F interactions in 1–4 are predicted to have the natures of covalent, TBP with CT, TBP with CT, and typical HB with covalency, respectively, whereas O-*-Ses in 1–4 are all predicted to have the nature of MC with CT. The Se-*-H, Se-*-C_Me and Se-*-Se interactions in 5, 6 and 8 are all predicted to have the covalent nature, while O-*-Ses in 5, 6 and 8 are all predicted to have the nature of typical HB with no covalency. The E(2) values of 1–6 and 8 are calculated with NBO analysis, and correlate excellently with Δr(Se, O₁), except for Se-*-F, for which E(2) is evaluated to be much larger. The E(2) values also correlate very well with C_ii⁻¹ for all Se-*-X in 1–4, although data from 5, 6 and 8 deviated from the correlation, where C_ii is the diagonal element of the compliance (force) constant for the internal vibrations. The behaviour of the interactions is further examined based on the QTAIM-DFA parameters of θ and θ_p. The stabilizing effect is further confirmed by the calculations with the ν(CO) values analyzed carefully.