Photochemical engineering unsaturated Pt islands on supported Pd nanocrystals for a robust pH-universal hydrogen evolution reaction

Abstract

The rational design of heterostructured nanocrystals (HNCs) is of great significance for developing highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. However, a significant challenge still lies in realizing the controllable synthesis of desired HNCs directly onto a support and exploring their structure–activity-dependent HER performance. Herein, we reported various controllable Pd₇@Pt_x core–shell HNCs with optimal hybrid structures via a photochemical deposition strategy. The growth patterns of a Pt shell can be finely controlled by adjusting the growth kinetics, resulting in a varying deposition rate. In particular, the as-prepared Pd₇@Pt₃ HNCs with a Pt shell in the Stranski–Krastanov mode showed the best performances over a wide pH range media, delivering low overpotentials of 33, 18 and 49 mV, resulting in a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at a low effective catalyst loading of 0.021 mg cm⁻². The resulting Tafel slopes were 23.1, 52.6 and 42.7 mV dec⁻¹ in 0.5 M H₂SO₄, 1.0 M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 1.0 M KOH electrolyte, respectively. It was found that the increased fraction of unsaturated coordination of Pt islands in the resultant material is the key to the enhanced and robust HER activity, which has been confirmed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This strategy could be extended to the rational design and synthesis of other heterostructured catalysts for energy conversion and storage.